A. Economic
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Imperialism at home and abroad - In one generation |
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Africa - direct possession (1902: only Liberia, founded by former American slaves remains independent) |
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Asia and Near East: economic and diplomatic pressure |
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Economic concessions and extra-territorial privileges: Ottoman Empire - most vulnerable; China - most vulnerable; Japan - modernizing rapidly; India - firmly in British hands; |
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Importance to Europe: keeps fat on European economy; colonial rule a reproach to democracy; encouraged feelings of national and racial superiority; |
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"Pan" movements - a form of imperialism |
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Technology and science: materialism |
B. Social
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Human welfare: serfdom gone (except in Russia); surgery and anesthetics perfected; life span longer; Victorian middle class morality in decline; spread of literacy. |
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Peace movements: "pipe dream of peace". |
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Aristocratic remainders. |
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Neglect of the proletariat. |
C. Intellectual
1. European cultural heritage
2. Ideologies of progress:
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conservatism - delaying action not progress (aristocracy) |
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liberalism - freedom, law, representative government (upper middle class) |
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radicalism - remove class distinctions, anti-clerical (lower middle class) |
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socialism - collectivist doctrine (city workers) |
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new left - syndicalism |
D. Political
1. the nation-state: language and
race
2. parliamentary government
3. parties:
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tied to class and ideology |
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lack of responsibility |
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too many of them |
4. Differing forms
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separation of powers only in the USA |
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king or president a figurehead in Britain and France |
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search for majorities in parliament |
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Britain: the cabinet held the whip |
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France and Italy: parliament held the whip |
5. Extension of the suffrage
6. Exceptions to democratization
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Germany: only has external form of it, the Reichstag is a "debating chamber" |
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Austria-Hungary: maintaining monarchy in polyglot confusion |
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Russia: a struggle between Duma and Ministry |
E. Military
1. popular militarism
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Boer War |
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naval building race: Admiral Tirpitz - risk theory |
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Three-year army law: France 1913 |
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Tripoli campaign in Italy, 1911 |
2. Comparative figures on army increase, 1870-1914:
1870 1914 Russia 700,000 1,300,000 France 380,000 846,000 Germany 403,000 812,000 Austria-Hungary 247,000 424,000 Britain 302,000 381,000 Italy 334,000 305,000 Japan 70,000 250,000 U.S.A. 37,000 98,000
3. military expenditure
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Germany and Russia had the largest budgets in 1914 |
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Britain and Germany spent most per capita: |
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Germany $8.52 |
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Britain $8.53 |
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U.S.A. $0.32 |
F. Diplomatic
1. Alliance System
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1870 - 1890: Bismarck in control |
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1890 - 1907: balance against Germany |
2. Testing the system
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Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5 |
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First Morocco Crisis, 1905-6 |
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Bosnian Annexation Crisis, 1908 |
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Second Morocco Crisis, 1911 |
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Haldane Mission, 1912 |
3. Tensions in the Balkans
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Hapsburg Empire in turmoil |
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South Slav Problem |
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First Balkan War, 1912-13 |
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Second Balkan War, 1913 |